aws-sam-local-testing

Overview

AWS SAM Local is the canonical local-testing toolchain for AWS Lambda. Per docs.aws.amazon.com/serverless-application-model (opens in new window), it runs Lambdas in Docker containers locally with images that mirror the Lambda runtime - same Linux, same Node/Python/Java binaries, same handler-invocation contract.

When to use

• Local unit + integration tests for Lambda handlers.
• Testing API Gateway + Lambda routing locally.
• Reproducing prod Lambda behaviour without deploying.
• Event-payload-driven tests (S3 event, SQS message, API GW request).

Authoring

Install

brew install aws-sam-cli
sam --version            # 1.x or higher
docker --version         # Required for sam local

Project structure

A SAM project has template.yaml declaring Lambda functions:

AWSTemplateFormatVersion: '2010-09-09'
Transform: AWS::Serverless-2016-10-31

Resources:
  HelloFunction:
    Type: AWS::Serverless::Function
    Properties:
      CodeUri: src/
      Handler: app.handler
      Runtime: python3.12
      Timeout: 10
      MemorySize: 512
      Events:
        Api:
          Type: Api
          Properties:
            Path: /hello
            Method: GET

Generate an event payload

Per SAM docs:

sam local generate-event apigateway aws-proxy --path /hello --method GET > event.json
sam local generate-event s3 put --bucket mybucket --key file.txt > s3-event.json
sam local generate-event sqs receive-message > sqs-event.json

Single invocation

sam local invoke HelloFunction --event event.json

Output: handler's return value, plus the simulated Lambda runtime log lines.

Local API Gateway

sam local start-api --port 3000

Now curl http://localhost:3000/hello exercises the full API Gateway → Lambda routing.

Local Lambda invoke endpoint

sam local start-lambda --port 3001

Then point AWS SDK clients at http://localhost:3001:

import boto3
lambda_client = boto3.client('lambda', endpoint_url='http://localhost:3001', region_name='us-east-1')
lambda_client.invoke(FunctionName='HelloFunction', Payload=b'{}')

Useful for testing Lambda → Lambda invocations end-to-end.

.NET Lambdas - handler-direct testing

For C#/.NET Lambda handlers, prefer in-process handler-direct invocation with Amazon.Lambda.TestUtilities (TestLambdaContext, TestLambdaLogger) over per-test sam local invoke spawns - setup, worked tests, and the dotnet-lambda CLI are in references/dotnet.md.

Integration with pytest

import subprocess, json

def invoke_lambda(name, event):
    proc = subprocess.run(
        ["sam", "local", "invoke", name, "--event", "-"],
        input=json.dumps(event), text=True, capture_output=True,
    )
    return json.loads(proc.stdout)

def test_hello():
    result = invoke_lambda("HelloFunction", {"name": "world"})
    assert result["statusCode"] == 200
    assert "Hello, world" in result["body"]

Running

sam build                # Package Lambdas
sam local invoke HelloFunction --event event.json

For watch-mode:

sam build --use-container --watch

CI integration

jobs:
  sam-local-tests:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
      - uses: aws-actions/setup-sam@v2
      - run: sam build --use-container
      - run: pytest tests/lambda/

Anti-patterns

Limitations

• Docker overhead. Cold starts in SAM Local are 5-15s (Docker container spin-up); not representative of prod cold-start budgets per cold-start-budget-reference.
• Doesn't test IAM. Local invocations run with your AWS CLI credentials, not the Lambda's role.
• Doesn't test event-source mapping. SQS / DynamoDB Streams / EventBridge bindings are SAM-template-only locally.
• VPC + private endpoints can't be simulated. Local Lambdas reach internet directly.
• Pair with LocalStack for fuller AWS-service emulation (localstack.cloud (opens in new window)).

References

• AWS SAM docs: docs.aws.amazon.com/serverless-application-model (opens in new window).
• SAM Local testing: docs.aws.amazon.com/serverless-application-model/latest/developerguide/serverless-sam-cli-using-test.html (opens in new window).
• sam local generate-event: docs.aws.amazon.com/serverless-application-model/latest/developerguide/sam-cli-command-reference-sam-local-generate-event.html (opens in new window).
• .NET handler-direct testing: references/dotnet.md.
• Companion catalog: cold-start-budget-reference (cold-start + timeout budgets).
• Sibling tools: cloudflare-workers-miniflare, azure-functions-tests.
• Builder: serverless-integration-test-builder.